A = total frontal area
of the air flow, area, m2
b = pin height, m
c = specific heat,
J/(kg K) and parameter defined by Eq. (10), dimensionless
D = pin diameter,
diameter, m
f = friction factor
in the pinned annulus, friction factor, dimensionless
H = annular opening, m
h = average heat
transfer coefficient of air, average heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2
K)
K = loss coefficient
per transversal row of pins, dimensionless
k = material thermal
conductivity of pin and tube, thermal conductivity, W/(m K)
L = length of the
pinned test section, annulus length, m
m = integer variable,
dimensionless
= mass flow rate, kg/s
N = number of pins in
a cross-section, number of transversal rows, dimensionless
n = number of data runs of a sequence of runs, dimensionless
Nu = average Nusselt
number of air, average Nusselt number, dimensionless
Pr = air Prandtl
number, Prandtl number, dimensionless
Q = heat transfer
rate, W
Rk = wall
heat transfer resistance (wall thermal resistance), (m2 K)/W
Re = Reynolds number of
the air flow, Reynolds number, dimensionless
S = pin pitch, m
T = absolute
temperature, K
t = tube thickness,
m
U = overall heat
transfer coefficient, W/(m2 K)
DP = pressure drop, Pa
DT = mean
temperature difference, K
g = angle between two adjacent pins in the same
cross-section, deg.
h = pin efficiency, pinned region efficiency,
dimensionless
m = air dynamic viscosity, dynamic viscosity,
kg/(m s)
r = air density, kg/m3
Subscripts
a relative to air
e relative to exit
f relative to pin fin
g relative to any fluid
h relative to the hydraulic
diameter
i relative to inlet
k relative to wall thermal
resistance
L relative to the number of
transversal rows or to longitudinal pitch
log relative to logarithmic mean temperature difference
p relative to constant pressure,
heat transfer area of the primary surface or to the pins
s relative to the smooth annulus
T relative to the numbers of
pins in a same cross-section or to transversal pitch
t relative to total
w relative to water
1 relative to the
internal diameter of the internal tube
2 relative to the
external diameter of the internal tube
3 relative to the
internal diameter of the external tube
A paper should
begin with its title, followed by its abstract and by three to five keywords.
The name of the authors, along with those of the institutions, should appear
between the title and the abstract. Initials should preceed the surname.
In its body, the
manuscript should firstly have an introductory section, aimed at the generic
reader.
If applicable, a
section on nomenclature should follow the introduction. All the symbols should
be defined in the text. The nomenclature section should list, in alphabetical
order, the symbols used and their definitions. The Greek symbols follow the
English symbols, and are followed by the subscripts and superscripts. Each
dimensional symbol must be expressed in SI (metric) units. In addition, English
units may be included in parenthesis. Dimensionless groups and coefficients
must be so defined and indicated.
Manuscripts
should be typed as indicated in this template, using A4 paper and setting the
top margin to 3 (three) cm and all the others to 2 (two) cm. The pages should be
numbered and limited to a maximum of 6 (six) pages, including tables and
figures. Text should be justified (except in the section on nomenclature) and
the first line of each paragraph should be indented. Please avoid footnotes.
In research
articles, sufficient information should be provided by direct mention in the
text, or to papers published in widely available references, to permit the work
to be repeated. Uncertainties should be specified for experimental and
numerical results.
Manuscripts
should be submitted in English only.
Please set
equations and formulas right against the left margin and number them
consecutively, in Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.). The equation numbers should
be enclosed between parentheses.
Equations that
extend beyond the text width should be rearranged so as to fit within the page
width.
Fractional powers
should be used instead of root signs.
A slash (/)
should be used for fractions, instead of a horizontal line, whenever possible;
for example, use 2/3 for two-thirds.
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expressions should not be introduced along the text itself, as part of a
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lines.
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text should be referred to as “Eq.(1)” or, if at the beginning of a sentence,
as “Equation (1)”.
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line between equations and text, and between equations.
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typed boldface. Please do not use
arrows, wavy-line underscoring, and other conventions.
(1)
(2)
Figures and tables
should be numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.) and
centered. They should have a caption and be placed as close as possible to
their first reference in the text.
Figures in the
text should be referred to as “Fig. 1”, except at the beginning of a sentence,
where “Figure 1” should be used instead.
The figures
presenting technical data/results should have boundaries on all their four
sides, with scale indicators (tick marks) on all the sides.
The legend for
the data symbols should be put inside the figure, as well as the labels for
each curve. Lettering should be large enough to be clearly legible (1.5-2.0
mm).
Explanations
should be fiven at the foot of the table, not within the table itself.
All the figures
and tables must be in black and white. Photographs should have a good contrast.
Table 2. Experimental
results for flexural properties of CFRC-4HS and CFRC-TWILL composites.
Span/depth ratio = 35:1. Average results of 7 specimens.
|
Composite
Properties
|
CFRC-TWILL
|
CFRC-4HS
|
|
Flexural
Strength (MPa)
|
209 ± 10
|
180 ± 15
|
|
Flexural
Modulus (GPa)
|
57.0 ± 2.8
|
18.0 ± 1.3
|
|
Mid-span
deflection at the failure stress (mm)
|
2.15 ± 1.90
|
6.40 ± 0.25
|
Figure 2.
Shear modulus - frequency diagram at
303 K
References should
be cited in the text by giving the last name of the author(s) and the year of
publication. Either use “Recent work (Smith and Farias, 1997) ...” or “Recently
Smith and Farias (1997) ...”. With 4 (four) or more names, use the form “ Smith
et al. (1997)”. If two or more references happen to have the same
identification, distinguish them by appending “a”, “b”, etc., to the year of
publication.
Acceptable
references include journal papers, numbered papers, dissertations, theses,
published conference proceedings, preprints from conferences, books, submitted
papers (if the journal is identified), and private communications.
References should
be listed in alphabetical order, according to the last name of the first
author, at the end of the article. Some sample references follow:
Bordalo, S.N.,
Ferziger, J.H. and Kline, S.J.,1989, “The Development of Zonal Models for
Turbulence”, Proceedings of the 10th Brazilian Congress of
Mechanical Engineering, Vol.1, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, pp. 41-44.
Coimbra, A.L., 1978,
”Lessons of Continuum Mechanics”, Ed. Edgard Blücher, S.Paulo, Brazil, 428 p.
Clark, J.A.,1986,
Private Communication, University of Michigan, Ann Harbor.
Silva, L.H.M.,1988,
”New Integral Formulation for Problems in Mechanics” (In Portuguese), Ph.D.
Thesis, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, S.C., Brazil, 223
p.
Soviero, P.A.O. and
Lavagna, L.G.M.,1997, “A Numerical Model for Thin Airfoils in Unsteady Motion”,
RBCM- J. of the Brazilian Soc. Mechanical Sciences, Vol.19, No. 3, pp. 332-340.
Sparrow, E.M., 1980a,
”Forced Convection Heat Transfer in a Duct Having Spanwise-Periodic Rectangular
Protuberances”, Numerical Heat Transfer, Vol.3, pp. 149-167.
Sparrow, E.M., 1980b,
”Fluid-to-Fluid Conjugate Heat Transfer for a Vertical Pipe-Internal and
External Natural Convection”, ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol.102, pp. 402-407.
